ADRG
ARC Digitized Raster Graphic. Digital raster representations of MCE and NIMA's paper graphic products.
ArcMap
A component of the ESRI ArcGIS Geographical Information System developed as client software specifically for the Microsoft Windows environment to enable more intuitive processing and presentation of ArcGIS data.
Azimuth
A mathematical concept defined as the angle, usually measured in degrees (°), between a reference plane and a point.
BMP
Sometimes called bitmap or DIB file format (for device-independent bitmap) - an image file format used to store bitmap digital images, especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems.
CADRG
Compressed ARC Digitized Raster Graphic. A U.S. Military standard for storing raster images at a standard resolution. Typically the images are scanned maps that are pieced together to create a larger map.
Cartographic representation
The use of symbols and lines to illustrate geographic phenomena to aid in visualizing space in an abstract and portable format; the cartographic process rests on the premise that the world is measurable and that we can make reliable representations or models of that reality.
CIB
Controlled Image Base. A dataset of orthophotos made from a rectified grayscale aerial image produced by the NGA in support of weapons systems and C3I (command, control and communications intelligence) theater management and mission planning.
Datum
A set of reference points on the earth's surface against which position measurements are made, and often an associated model of the shape of the earth (ellipsoid) to define a geographic coordinate system.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
A digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface such as the Earth, moon or asteroid created from terrain elevation data.
Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED)
A standard of digital datasets which consists of a matrix of terrain elevation values. DTED was originally developed in the 1970s as a standard to support aircraft radar simulation and prediction, and supports many applications including line-of-sight analyses, terrain profiling, 3-D terrain visualization, mission planning/rehearsal, and modeling and simulation. DTED is a standard National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) product that provides medium resolution, quantitative data in a digital format for military system applications that require terrain elevation. DTED has three levels: DT0, DT1, and DT2. Level 0 has a post spacing of ca. 900 meters; Level 1 has a post spacing of ca. 90 meters; Level 2 has a post spacing of ca. 30 meters.
Ellipsoid
A type of quadric surface that is a higher dimensional analogue of an ellipse.
EMF
Windows Enhanced Metafile - a vector graphics format that allows the inclusion of raster graphics.
Esri® ArcMap
A component of the ESRI ArcGIS Geographical Information System developed as client software specifically for the Microsoft Windows environment to enable more intuitive processing and presentation of ArcGIS data.
Flate
Lossless data compression. A class of data compression algorithms that allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. Used in the popular ZIP file format and in the Unix tool gzip.
GDAL
Geospatial Data Abstraction Library. An open source software library for reading and writing many raster geospatial dataset standards.
.GEN
ArcView ARC/INFO UnGenerate Format (ESRI).
Geodatabase
A collection of various types of GIS datasets stored as folders in a file system folder. each dataset is held as a file that can scale up to 1 TB in size.
GeoMark
The TerraGo component that stores location, attribute, and hyperlink data in a GeoPDF file. TerraGo software such as the GeoPDF® Toolbar collects GeoMarks and displays them in a GeoPDF file.
GeoPDF
The TerraGo published extension to the standard Adobe PDF file format. GeoPDF is used to present GIS and mapping data as well as other advanced PDF features such as layers and object data. GeoPDF adds a coordinate transformation matrix and other metadata to allow transformation of PDF coordinates to a projected Cartesian coordinate system.
GeoPDF index map
A GeoRegistered PDF file that is used as the map where the grid is drawn and hyperlinks are inserted that link to other more detailed GeoPDF maps.
Georeferenced
The process of establishing a relationship between raster or vector images to map projections or coordinate systems; you can georeference a set of points, lines, polygons, images, or 3D structures.
GeoRegistered
The process of adjusting on one drawing or image to the geographic location of a 'known good' reference drawing, image, surface or map.
Geospatially-aware PDF
A PDF file based on the proposed ISO 32000 constructs for GeoRegistration or advanced features such as compressed object streams.
GIS
Geographic Information System, also known as a Geographical Information System or Geospatial Information System. Any information system that allows users to create interactive queries (user created searches), analyze the spatial information, edit data, maps, and present the results of all these operations.
GPS (Global Positioning System)
The only fully functional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) that uses a constellation of at least 24 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, allowing a GPS receiver to determine its location, speed, direction, and time.
IMG
ERDAS IMAGINE Raster Format. A Hierarchal File Format (HFA) structure of which the contents are not fixed, allowing others to create and add new types of items to the file; a multi-band, hyper-spectral (visible and non-visible spectra) image format.
JP2
JPEG 2000. A compression standard created by the Joint Photographic Experts Group committee in the year 2000 with the intention of superseding their original discrete cosine transform-based JPEG standard. The standardized filename extension is .jp2 for ISO/IEC 15444-1 conforming files and .jpx for the extended part-2 specifications, published as ISO/IEC 15444-2, while the MIME type is image/jp2. JPEG 2000 requires far greater decompression time than JPEG and allows more sophisticated progressive downloads.
JPEG
A commonly used method of compression for photographic images that specifies both the codec, which defines how an image is compressed into a stream of bytes and decompressed back into an image, and the file format used to contain that stream. JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, the name of the committee that created the standard.
LIDAR
Light Detection And Ranging. Optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of, targets by illuminating the target with laser light and analyzing the backscattered light.
Log ASCII Standard (LAS)
A file format for the interchange of LIDAR data.
Magnetic bearing
A device to permit constrained relative motion between two parts where the load is supported by magnetic fields.
MapBook
A collection of GeoPDF files that contain bookmarks and hyperlinks that are bound together by hyperlinks to an index map.
Map definition file
A file in .csv or .xml format that contains the coordinate pairs of the four corners of each PDF file to be GeoRegistered.
Map document file
In ArcMap, the file that contains one map, its layout, and its associated layers, tables, charts, and reports; map document files have an .mxd extension.
Map series file
A file in .xml or .csv format that contains a list of GeoPDF files /geospatially-aware PDF files included in the TerraGo MapBook and the values used for the index map labels and hyperlinks.
Map surround
Any of the supporting objects or elements that help a reader interpret a map including the title, legend, north arrow, scale bar, border, source information and other text, and inset maps.
MCE
Mapping and Charting Establishment (Canada).
MrSID
Multi-Resolution Seamless Image Database. A proprietary LizardTech image compression algorithm and file format, designed to accommodate very large raster images; mostly used for satellite imagery.
National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA)
A combined electrical and data specification for communication between marine electronic devices such as echo sounder, sonars, Anemometer (winds speed and direction), gyrocompass, autopilot, GPS receivers and many other types of instruments.
Neatline
The border delineating and defining the extent of geographic data on a map; it demarcates map units so that, depending on the map projection, the neatline does not always have 90-degree corners; the most accurate element of the data because the neatline is never adjusted.
NGA
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. An organization that defines the RPF format for image files.
NIMA
National Imagery and Mapping Agency (now National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency; US government).
NITF
National Imagery Transmission Format. A U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and Federal Intelligence Community suite of standards for the exchange, storage, and transmission of digital-imagery products and image-related products and associated annotations between systems.
Orthorectified image
An aerial photograph that has been geometrically corrected such that the scale of the photograph is uniform, meaning that the photo can be considered equivalent to a map.
Polygon
A plane figure that is bounded by a closed path or circuit, composed of a finite sequence of straight line segments.
Polyline
A continuous line composed of one or more line segments.
PRJ
A projection format file; the ESRI shapefile supporting file that contains the coordinate system and projection information.
Projection
Any method used in cartography to represent the two-dimensional curved surface of the earth.
Raster
A data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of pixels, or points of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display medium.
Rasterize
The task of taking an image described in a vector graphics format (shapes) and converting it into a raster image (pixels or dots) for output.
RPF
Raster Product Format. A general format for raster images defined by the NGA for several different rectangular image file formats.
Spheroid
A quadric surface in three dimensions obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes.
TIF or TIFF
Tagged Image File or Tagged Image File Format. A file format widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition and other applications. As of 2009, it is under the control of Adobe Systems.
TOC
A read-only reader for RPF products such as CADRG and CIB that uses a table of content file (A.TOC from an RPF exchange). The driver reports a different subdataset for each subdataset found in the A.TOC file.
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
A grid-based method of specifying locations on the surface of the Earth; not a single map projection, rather, the system employs a series of sixty zones, each of which is based on a specifically defined secant transverse Mercator projection.
UTC
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The International Atomic Time (TAI) with leap seconds added at irregular intervals to compensate for the Earth's slowing rotation. Time zones around the world are expressed as positive or negative offsets from UTC. Local time is UTC plus the time zone offset for that location, plus an offset (typically +1) for daylight saving time, if in effect.
UTF-8
A variable-length character encoding method for Unicode that represents every character in the Unicode character set. It also has the special property of being backwards-compatible with the ASCII encoding scheme, which is based on the ordering of the English alphabet.
Vector
The use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygon(s), which are all based upon mathematical equations, to represent an image.
WGS84
World Geodetic System of 1984; a datum based on the GRS80 spheroid.
Well-Known-Text (WKT)
A text markup language for representing vector geometry objects on a map, spatial reference systems of spatial objects and transformations between spatial reference systems.
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